Criminal Law - Sentence and penalty options available to courts if convicted of a criminal offence
Date: September 26, 2005
Authors: LAC Lawyers
A plethora of crimes
Murder. Bigamy. Robbery. Bushfires. Terrorism. Domestic violence. Computer offences. Concealing the birth of a child. Fraud. Rape. The list of criminal offences for which a person may be convicted in any Australian jurisdiction is extensive. It covers a range of crimes which vary in terms of their severity and how frequently they are committed.
In turn, to enable the the punishment to fit the crime, there needs to be a range of penalties and sentencing options available to a court to respond to this plethora of criminal offences. While a sentence can be defined as a judgment given by the court, a penalty can be described as a punishment, and often takes the form of a fine or monetary payment. A series of State and Commonwealth Acts direct the judge in her of his determination of the appropriate penalty or sentence. In New South Wales, the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) is of particular importance.
Imprisonment
Under Division One of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) (the Act), the court is entitled to sentence a criminal offender to a term of imprisonment. Indeed, when someone asks the question “what penalties are available to a court if a person is convicted of a criminal offence?”, imprisonment is likely to be the first response of many people.
However it is interesting to note that the 1983 case of R v Palliaer found that the correct approach to imprisonment is to first consider whether there is any other appropriate alternative. This sentiment was later embodied in statute law throughout Australia. In NSW, s 5 of the Act states that a court must not sentence an offender to imprisonment unless it has considered all of the alternatives, and has reached the conclusion that there is no other appropriate penalty. If a judge chooses to impose a prison sentence of less that six months, he or she is obligated to provide an explanation for this sentence.
Periodic and home detention
In NSW, detention comes in a variety of forms. If a sentence has been imposed for less than three years, a person may be allowed to report to jail for only two days per week, either on the weekend or during the week. The conditions of imprisonment in the jail are identical to full-time imprisonment but the person comes and goes according to specific rules. This is known as periodic detention.
Alternately, home detention is a possibility in the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Victoria whereas in Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia, a final period of imprisonment may be served in a prisoner’s home. Both of these options may be available to prisoners in the Australian Capital Territory. Indeed in New South Wales, if a sentence term is no longer than 18 months, a convicted offender may be able to serve their term of imprisonment in their own home, supervised by an officer of the Probation and Parole service.
Good behaviour, community service, fines and orders
Not all sentences involve a form of detention. A more favorable outcome for a criminal offender would be if the court releases the person on a good behaviour bond. This means that a person must show good behaviour for a fixed period of time, that cannot be longer than five years. Another option is to sentence a person to up to 500 hours of community service. Both in the case of a bond and community service, supervision by an officer of the Probation and Parole service may be required. Also, if a person breaches their obligations under these sentences, they will return to the courtroom and may be faced with the imposition of an alternate penalty.
If a person is sentenced to a good behaviour bond, they might also be fined by the court. A fine is often used as a means to deal with a less serious criminal offence, in combination with another sentence or in and of itself. The maximum amount for a fine is stated in the legislation. In most cases, it is referred to in terms of penalty units. To determine the monetary equivalent, the number of penalty units can be multiplied by $110.00.
The range of penalties and sentences available to courts is an ongoing subject of law reform. In mid-2002, new penalties known as non association and place restriction orders were introduced in an attempt to deal with gang violence. A non association order stops a person from associating with a specified person for a specified period of time. A place restriction order prevents a person from visiting a specified place or district for a specified period of time.
What penalty or sentence is appropriate?
The court will of course be influenced by a number of factors in determining its sentence for a criminal offender. Firstly, it is necessary to ask whether the court is primarily influenced in a particular case by the need to punish, deter, rehabilitate, denounce or incapacitate? Imprisonment may best address a need to incapacitate whereas community service or a good behaviour bond may be appropriate for rehabilitation. Secondly, the court will need to take a variety of circumstances into account, for example aggravating factors and mitigating circumstances.
Ultimately, it is interesting to note that in many cases in Australia, courts impose a sentence at the lower end of the sentencing scale. The significant impact of sentencing is recognised such that if a judge wishes to impose a maximum sentence, he or she must point to specific reasons as to why the crime committed was in its worst conceivable form.
Tax Law - Debt Recovery - False or misleading statements(Part 2 of 4)
Date: January 17, 2012
Author(s): Jonathan Lim B.A., LL.B. (Hons)
This article deals with the ATO’s power to impose and increase administrative penalties upon unpaid tax debts, in situations where the taxpayer has made a false or misleading statement.
Tax Law - Debt Recovery - False or misleading statements(Part 3 of 4)
Date: January 17, 2012
Author(s): Jonathan Lim B.A., LL.B. (Hons)
This article deals with the ATO’s power to impose and increase administrative penalties upon unpaid tax debts, in situations where the taxpayer has made a false or misleading statement. This part of the article deals with “recklessness.”
Tax Law - Debt Recovery - False or misleading statements(part 4 of 4)
Date: January 17, 2012
Author(s): Jonathan Lim B.A., LL.B. (Hons)
This article deals with the ATO’s power to impose and increase administrative penalties upon unpaid tax debts, in situations where the taxpayer has made a false or misleading statement. This part of the article deals with “intentional disregard”.
Tax Law - Large business entities(Part 1)
Date: January 17, 2012
Author(s): Jonathan Lim B.A., LL.B. (Hons)
The ATO does not treat large business entities with the same anonymity as other taxpayers, since there are relatively few of them and they contribute a disproportionate amount to revenues. This article deals with the special rules developed by the ATO to deal with, and engage with, large businesses.
Tax Law - Large business entities(Part 2)
Date: January 17, 2012
Author(s): Jonathan Lim B.A., LL.B. (Hons)
The ATO does not treat large business entities with the same anonymity as other taxpayers, since there are relatively few of them and they contribute a disproportionate amount to revenues. This article deals with the special rules developed by the ATO to deal with, and engage with, large businesses.
Tax Law - Large business entities(Part 3)
Date: January 17, 2012
Author(s): Jonathan Lim B.A., LL.B. (Hons)
The ATO does not treat large business entities with the same anonymity as other taxpayers, since there are relatively few of them and they contribute a disproportionate amount to revenues. This article deals with the special rules developed by the ATO to deal with, and engage with, large businesses.
Tax Law - Large business entities(Part 4)
Date: January 17, 2012
Author(s): Jonathan Lim B.A., LL.B. (Hons)
The ATO does not treat large business entities with the same anonymity as other taxpayers, since there are relatively few of them and they contribute a disproportionate amount to revenues. This article deals with the special rules developed by the ATO to deal with, and engage with, large businesses.
Criminal Law - Compensation for Victim of Crime
Date: January 13, 2012
Author(s): Angelita Manlangit LL.B.
In Australia, all states and territories have approved counselling schemes and statutory compensation schemes that aim to provide support and rehabilitation for victims of crimes of violence.
Family Law - Children and the Criminal Justice System
Date: January 13, 2012
Author(s): Angelita Manlangit LL.B.
The criminal justice system in Australia provides a set of processes and practices when dealing with children and young people who are alleged offenders or who have been found guilty of committing a crime. It encompasses the general process of arresting, charging and sentencing a child offender and the legal orders provided by the courts.
Family Law- Children and Criminal Responsibility
Date: January 13, 2012
Author(s): Angelita Manlangit LL.B.
Although difficult to fathom, we cannot deny the fact that children as young as 10 years old are capable of committing a crime. The Australian legal system acknowledges that children require special attention, consideration and protections. As a result, a number of legislations and common law particularly deal with children and young people and how they ought to be treated in the criminal justice system.
Tax Law - Debt recovery - False or misleading statements
Date: January 12, 2012
Author(s): Jonathan Lim B.A., LL.B. (Hons)
This article deals with the ATO’s power to impose and increase administrative penalties upon unpaid tax debts, in situations where the taxpayer has made a false or misleading statement.
Criminal Law - Child Abuse
Date: November 16, 2011
Author(s): Angelita Manlangit LL.B.
There is no exact figure as to how many children in Australia are suffering from child abuse. But one thing is for sure, it is heart-breaking. It is a complex issue that is all too often ignored. Child abuse is a situation where a child suffers significant harm from an injury caused by the child’s parent or guardian. This can take the form of emotional, mental or physical abuse.
Criminal Law - Fatal Child Neglect
Date: November 16, 2011
Author(s): Angelita Manlangit LL.B.
Child neglect should never be taken lightly, because often enough, it can lead to the death of a child. Fatal neglect is defined as the death of a child as a result of inadequate care. As a result, the child suffers from extreme conditions of deprivation, such as malnutrition and inadequate health care.
Criminal Law - Child Abduction
Date: November 16, 2011
Author(s): Angelita Manlangit LL.B.
Abduction is defined as the unauthorised removal of a minor from the custody of the child’s natural or legally appointed guardians.
Australia is party to the Hague Convention, an international agency that battles the prevention and eradication of child abduction. The Hague Convention is a multilateral legal treaty signed by Australia, as well as many Asian countries, European countries and the US in which they agreed to assist one another when possible child abduction may arise.
Demerit Points Can Now Be Avoided By Making A Court Election
Date: March 17, 2011
Author(s): Jana Whitby B.A., LL.B. (Hons.)
As a result of a recent change of law, individuals charged with traffic offences can now avoid having demerit points imposed by the RTA if the charges are ultimately dismissed by a Court.
MERIT (Magistrates Early Referral into Treatment)
Date: March 17, 2011
Author(s): Annette Wood B.A. (Policing), LL.B.
The aim of MERIT is to break the cycle between drugs and crime by involving defendants in treatment and rehabilitation. Under a new trial funding arrangement, MERIT is being trialed at Manly and Wollongong Local Courts for adults with alcohol problems.
Employment Law - How your Criminal History may affect your future Employment
Date: March 14, 2011
Author(s): Mark Bostock LL.B., B.Bus.
A concern faced by many who are facing prosecution is the influence a conviction may have on them should they be found guilty of a criminal offence.
The Difference between Prescribed Concerntration of Alcohol (PCA) Offences and Drive Under Influence (DUI) of Alcohol or Drug
Date: March 10, 2011
Author(s): Annette Wood B.A. (Policing), LL.B.
Police are able to conduct breath tests on drivers in NSW under certain circumstances. When a driver has been involved in a motor vehicle accident, when stopped for their manner of driving, or as it often the case at random breath test stations.
Criminal Law - Apprehended Violence Orders - Court and Penalties
Date: March 10, 2011
Author(s): Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
The vast majority of the AVOs and PVOs are settled after negotiations and the application can either be withdrawn and dismissed, or an undertaking made not to embark on any form of specified behaviour without admissions, or with an order being made with the consent of both parties with no admissions as to the nature of the facts alleged in the application for an order.
Drink Driving - What Happens When You Go To Court
Date: November 10, 2010
Author(s): Jana Whitby B.A., LL.B. (Hons.)
Check out our step by step guide on the court porcess for drink driving.
Criminal Law - Sentencing in the Local Court
Date: October 08, 2010
Author(s): Jana Whitby B.A., LL.B. (Hons.)
Often I am asked by my clients who have been charged with common offences such as assault or drink driving what the likely result will be if they enter a plea of “Guilty”. This is not a question which can be answered with much certainty given that even when to individuals are charged with exactly the same charge, the possible outcome when it comes to that individual’s sentencing can vary according to factors such as in which Local Court the matter is dealt with, which Magistrate determines the sentence, the sentencing options available to the Magistrate and the individual’s subjective circumstances.
Criminal Law - Centrelink Fraud, How Do You Get Caught?
Date: October 08, 2010
Author(s): Jana Whitby B.A., LL.B. (Hons.)
If you are in receipt of Centrelink benefits then you have a duty to provide Centrelink with all information regarding your earnings and financial circumstances. Should you fail to make any relevant disclosure with respect to your earnings and financial circumstances and it is later detected by Centrelink then you could find yourself being brought before the Court to answer criminal charges.
Family Law - International Parental Child Abduction
Date: October 08, 2010
Author(s): Jana Whitby B.A., LL.B. (Hons.)
Given the multicultural society in which we live, it has become more frequent that children are being removed by a parent from the country in which they reside and taken to another country in which their parent was born and may still have relatives and/or friends.
Tax Evasion - Offshore Activities
Date: September 24, 2010
Author(s): Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
All member countries of the OECD’s forum on tax administration including Australia are working together to identify taxpayers’ bank accounts linked to Lichtenstein to counter the effects of tax evasion. LAC Lawyers' Taxation team offer expertise in all aspects of Taxation Law. Call LAC Lawyers today on 1300 799 888 .
Taxation Law - Tax Fraud
Date: September 14, 2010
Author(s): Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
Butterworths Australian Legal Dictionary defines fraud as "an intentional dishonest act or omission done with the intention of deceiving". Obtaining a benefit by deception is to obtain an advantage or a profit or a gain by deceit. LAC Lawyer's Taxation team offer expertise in all aspects of Business & Commercial Law. Call LAC Lawyers today on 1300 799 888 .
Criminal Law - Centrelink Offences - An Overview
Date: May 10, 2010
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
There are various types of Centerlink offences the most common Centrelink Fraud, i.e. engaging in conduct to obtain a financial advantage from a Commonwealth entity knowing and believing that one is not eligible to receive that financial advantage. Most often people deliberately provide Centrelink with false, incomplete or misleading information and break the law.
Criminal Law - GBH - Grevious Bodily Harm
Date: August 12, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
These offences are in effect a more serious assault. To have committed these offences what is required is an act of malice that causes the wound or the grievous bodily harm. Such an act would, however, in the ordinary course constitute an assault as well.
Criminal Law - More about Centrelink Fraud
Date: August 12, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Receiving money from Centrelink to which you are not entitled to is an offence. This offence could carry a monetary penalty, a jail term, community service and periodic detention. So, if Centrelink says that you have been overpaid and they advise you that they wish to interview you, you should seek our legal advice immediately. If an incorrect payment or fraud of some kind has been detected, the customer will be contacted about this and will be asked to explain why it happened. If this results in an overpayment, a debt will be raised for this amount and it must be repaid.
Criminal Law - Traffic Matters - Drink Driving - Shall I Fight the Charges?
Date: July 04, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
There goes the saying, “If you drink and drive you’re a bloody idiot”. However, it is easier said than done. Sometimes when we monitor our intake of alcoholic drinks and are sure that we are under the limit, we would then be surprised to find out that we are over the limit. Victoria, if your BAC reading is 0.07 or more, you will lose your drivers’ licence. So, do you take it on the chin or do you fight the charge?
Criminal Law - Sports Law
Date: July 04, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Tom, an A grade soccer player, had been charged with having sexual intercourse with a person between the ages of 10 and 14. At the time he was 18. A plea of "not guilty" had been entered and the player had a strong defence case. At law there is a “presumption of innocence” in such matters.
Taxation Law - CGT and Trust Cloning
Date: June 10, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers, Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
A Discretionary trust is one of the most sought after trust structures in view of the enormous benefit that follows from the establishment of such a trust. The Discretionary Trust structure creates a framework for family assets to be passed from one generation to another without losing control over key assets, allows for the protection of assets from creditors, creates an effective tax structure and in particular allows access to Capital Gains Tax (CGT) concessions.
Criminal Law, Sports Law - Appeal against Football Federation of Australia determination on sanctions against players
Date: May 26, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Tom, an A grade representative soccer player, had been charged under Section 66C(1) of the Crimes Act 1900(NSW) being the offence of having sexual intercourse with a person between the ages of 10 and 14. At the time he was 18. This happened in January 2008 and the matter was only listed for committal hearing in October 2009. A plea of “not guilty” had been entered and the player had a strong defence case. As is commonly known there is a “presumption of innocence” in such matters.
Criminal Law - Apprehended Violence Orders - Offences
Date: May 21, 2009
Author(s): Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
Given the rise in awareness of the cost and impact of violence in the community, with a focus on domestic violence, the NSW Parliament has responded with legislation designed specifically to address this area. The aim of the current legislation (Crimes(Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 No. 80 (the Act)) is...
Criminal Law - Have you been charged with assaulting police?
Date: April 03, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
It has been a long week at work, you decide to unwind and have a couple of beers at your local pub. Unfortunately you don’t know when to stop as you’re having a great time but are annoying some of the patrons at the same time. The management ask you to leave and you refuse.
Sports and the Law - Restraining the Paparazzi
Date: February 12, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Wayne is an internationally known Australian fast spin bowler. As a celebrity he is a typical target for freelance photographers out to make profit from capturing his image in whatever attitude at any time and any place. Sadly his family is often caught in the thick of it. Although it must be nice to be famous, it must be equally exhausting to have photographers lurking around every street corner, up every tree and...yes...hiding inside garbage bins as well.
Criminal Law - Bail - The importance of a well prepared bail application
Date: February 02, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Given that the Act provides for authorisation to be at liberty, the question obviously arises as to what types of matters could put an accused’s liberty at risk and what forms of review, if any are possible, if bail is refused.
Criminal Law - A strong prosecution case is not always what it seems
Date: January 30, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Doctor Bob was presented with such an apparently insurmountable case. This sixty five year old general practitioner of some forty years experience was languishing in the Court cells as his solicitor poured over photographs of the doctor’s estranged wife. He was charged with assaulting her causing her actual bodily harm. The solicitor in reviewing the photos pondered why the charge had not been the more serious one of occasioning grievous bodily harm. The poor woman was covered from head to foot in multiple bruises of a dark blue/purplish nature.
Sports and the Law - Famous sports people are often the target of blackmailers
Date: January 28, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Sports people can be easy prey for blackmailers and extortionists. Whilst at the height of their careers, sports men and women can be big fee earners and commanding enormous popularity. Sadly they are only human with human failings and weaknesses. They can easily be exploited by unscrupulous individuals intent on “cashing in” on their fame and fortune.
Criminal Law - Centrelink Offences
Date: January 23, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers, Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
Social security fraud is a general malaise affecting the ability of the Commonwealth Government to provide benefits to the needy. Centrelink fraud is committed when a person knowingly gives false and misleading information to obtain access to a benefit and to obtain a payment that they should not be getting; or misrepresents their circumstances; or fails to inform Centrelink that they have no further entitlement to benefits.
Criminal Law - Crown Appeal Against Sentence
Date: January 22, 2009
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
When an accused person (“A”) has been convicted or has pleaded guilty to an offence A will be sentenced by the Court. If the Crown is of the view that the sentence A received was manifestly inadequate, then the Crown can appeal against the original sentence.
Criminal Law - Affray
Date: December 08, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
The legislation introducing the offence of Affray into the Crimes Act in 1988, was prompted, among other things, by the difficulties for the prosecuting of the persons involved in the lengthy trials arising out of the clash between outlaw motor cycle clubs at the Viking Tavern, Milperra in September 1984 (“the Milperra Massacre’) and the clash between spectators and Police at Mount Panorama, Bathurst in April 1985 (‘the Bathurst riots’), which had attempted a prosecutions under the then common law offence of affray.
Criminal Law - Self Defence
Date: December 01, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Self defence is an issue that needs to be disproved by the Crown beyond reasonable doubt. Normally a defence will apply once the Crown has proved its case to excuse the actions of the accused. However, if the Crown cannot disprove self defence then the accused is entitled to an acquittal.
Criminal Law - Does a threat equal an assault?
Date: December 01, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Criminal Law - Drink Driving Summary
Date: October 21, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Everything you need to know about drink driving...
Criminal Law - Traffic Offenders Program
Date: October 21, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Some common questions about the Traffic Offenders Program
Criminal Law - Need info on Bail, read this!
Date: September 25, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Some handy information on Bail.
Criminal Law - The Pro's And Con's Of taking Part In A Police Interview
Date: September 25, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
The decision as to whether to participate in a record of interview with police is often a difficult one to make. There are various advantages and disadvantages in doing so, therefore, it is important that competent legal advice is obtained. LAC Lawyers are able to assist and advise you whether you should participate in such an interview.
Drink driving - Although rare, it is possible to have your DUI dismissed.
Date: September 25, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
LAC Lawyers was recently involved in a matter where we succeeded in having charges against our client dropped. Our client was charged with low-range PCA because the police thought he was "failing to submit" to breath analysis where in reality the machine was faulty.
Criminal Law - Assault Occassioning Actual Bodily Harm
Date: September 24, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Criminal Law - Posses Prohibited Drug
Date: September 24, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Drink Driving - Your Rights, Police Powers, Court Penalties
Date: September 01, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Read on to find a list of commonly asked questions as well as an overview of likely penalties according to your Prescribed Concentration of Alcohol (PCA).
Criminal Law - Pleading guilty? Make yourself the favourite!
Date: May 14, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
In a large number of criminal cases a person will plead guilty. It is then up to his legal representative to submit what is called a plea in mitigation. In other words the advocate will make submissions to the Court for the purpose of obtaining the most lenient sentence possible.
Tax Law - Vanuatu and the use of overseas tax havens
Date: May 08, 2008
Author(s): Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
For many years now a number of Australian taxpayers have been using overseas tax havens to shield their wealth from the Australian Taxation Office. Although there is nothing new in this it has come to greater prominence with the advent of Project Wickenby.
Criminal Law - Dealing with the Police - Some Tips (Vic.)
Date: February 01, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Police officers are like every other section of our community. Likewise is not always possible to distinguish the good from the bad. Therefore it is an advantage to know what to do when you have to encounter one or more police officers.
Criminal Law - Child Pornography
Date: January 15, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
It is a serious offence to possess or disseminate child pornography. Possession of child pornography is punished by up to 5 years imprisonment and dissemination by up to 10 years.
Criminal Law - Unauthorised possession of Prescription Drugs
Date: January 15, 2008
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Most so called 'party drugs' are prohibited drugs. Cocaine, speed, methleamphetamine, MDMA and cannabis are all prohibited drugs. They are available because people will pay good money to use them recreationally.
Drink Driving - Legal Representation Is Your Best Bet
Date: December 13, 2007
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Drink Driving is a crime that people, including professionals, are increasingly being charged with nowadays. On many occasions it is a first offence where one misjudges how much they had consumed, assumes they are within their legal limit to drive, and are then, to their misfortune, stopped by Police and charged.
Taxation Law - Failing to Furnish Income Tax Returns - Part 2
Date: November 01, 2007
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Whilst it is conceded and supported that Income Tax Offences are serious matters and are far from trivial, there may be objective facts and mitigating circumstances which would warrant the non-recording of a conviction as provided for in section 19B.
Criminal Law - Drink Driving Offences (Vic.)
Date: December 18, 2006
Author(s): Michael Pickering B.A., LL.B. (Hons.), LL.M., M. A.
What to expect when you call LAC Lawyers
Date: December 13, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
LAC Lawyers is a full service firm dedicated to the provision of superior legal services in Australia. Our aim is to provide unrivalled client satisfaction coupled with high quality service and advice. When you call LAC Lawyers our friendly reception staff will spend time with you to identify the area of law your enquiry relates to then pass you on to one of our qualified solicitor's who can help you.
Criminal Law - How Serious Are AVOs (New South Wales)
Date: October 12, 2006
Author(s): Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
There is a strong desire on the part of the legislature to reduce the incidence of, and provide protection to, the victims of domestic violence. Apprehended violence orders and bail are the main vehicles chosen to provide this protection. These provisions are fundamentally in aid of the prosecution.
Taxation Law - Tax Evasion - How Do The Criminal Courts Treat Tax Evaders
Date: October 11, 2006
Author(s): Frank Egan B.A., LL.B., A.C.L.A., F.T.I.A. (Notary)
The most serious case in this area was handed down by the New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal in R. v Ida Ronen, Nitzen Roden and Izhar Ronen on the 19th April 2006. The message which the courts delivered in this case is that they will treat all cases of serial tax evasion as extremely serious leading to long periods of imprisonment irrespective of the taxpayer’s individual circumstances even where taxpayers have paid their penalty tax in full.
The Benefits of Hiring A Lawyer
Date: August 16, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
The old adage “you get what you pay for” is as true today as it has ever been.
Criminal Law - Slavery and/or Sexual Servitude
Date: August 01, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Slavery in Australia has been a criminal offence since 1824 due to the application of the Slave Trade Act 1824. In 1999, the Criminal Code Amendment (Slavery and Sexual Servitude) Act 1999 was enacted.
Why stay with your lawyer
Date: August 01, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
The lawyer/client relationship is a personal one and there are many reasons which will dictate who you can and cannot work with. If you don’t like your lawyer, should you change? Ultimately, the relationship between a lawyer and client must be built on mutual trust.
Criminal Law - Drugs: Police Sniffer Dogs: Part 1
Date: March 21, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
The dogs have been let loose recently. Numerous people have been charged generally involving small amounts of cannabis and MDMA (ecstasy) as a result of over active Labradors at pubs, parties and big days out. A client who recently contacted me was apprehended walking to a dance party in the Botanical Gardens. She had in her possession, 1 joint and 1 pill.
Criminal Law - Drugs: Police Sniffer Dogs: Part 2
Date: March 21, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
On 22 February 2002, the NSW Parliament enacted the Police Power (Drug Detection Dogs) Act (The Drug Dog Act). The Drug Dog Act continues to allow police to use drug dogs to search an individual once they have formed a reasonable suspicion that an offence has been committed.
Criminal Law - Drugs: The Pitfall of Pills: Part 1
Date: March 21, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Called; ecstasy, e, ecce, disco biscuits or 3, 4 methyledioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), MDMA is an increasingly popular party drug. Putting aside any health issues with drug use, one frequently overlooked consideration is that it is illegal in New South Wales.
Criminal Law - Drugs: Pills and Drug Weight: Part 2
Date: March 20, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
What the law calls admixtures count as the drug weight. for the purpose of State drug offences, the law looks at the total mass of the drug and not pure drug bulk. This means that even if the pill is very low in purity as long as it contains some MDMA, the total bulk of the pill is the amount that counts.
Criminal Law - What Do I Do When I Am Arrested?
Date: March 15, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
No-one who is arrested should be left to the mercy of the system as it can be a very unkind friend when you are in need. While it is important to co-operate with the police it is extremely important that you understand your rights and do nothing to prejudice yourself whilst in custody.
Criminal Law - Serious Traffic and Drink Driving Offences
Date: February 16, 2006
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Employment Law - Bullying - Adults in the schoolyard
Date: September 26, 2005
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
The idea of bullying has long been associated with naughty children in a schoolyard. But in recent years, there has been increased awareness and recognition in Australia that adults can be bullies too. Nowhere is this notion more alive than in the workplace, where high stress levels and hierarchies create a framework for day to day life.
The Criminal Aftermath of Drink Driving: Penalties and Sentences
Date: September 22, 2005
Author(s): LAC Lawyers
Drink driving is an offence under the Road Transport (Safety & Traffic Management) Act 1999 (NSW) (the “Act”). In New South Wales there are effectively five categories of “prescribed concentration of alcohol” (PCA) offences.